Effect of Bambara Nut on Hepatic Biomarkers of Wistar Rats
International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Page 26-38
Abstract
Aim: This study sought to investigate the effect of Bambara nut on hepatic biomarkers of Wistar rats.
Methodology: The Songkhla 1 variety (red seed coat) of Bambara nuts were locally sourced in Obinze area of Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. The seeds were peeled and ground to a fine powder using a coffee grinder and extracted using soxhlet apparatus and methanol as the solvent. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were acclimatized for seven days during which they were fed ad libitum with standard feed and drinking water. They were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each. Rats in group A were administered distilled water while those in groups B, C and D were administered 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of Bambara nut extract 12 hourly for twenty-one days via oral route of administration. At the end of 28 days of treatment, animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether as anaesthesia and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. Hepatic biomarkers were determined using standard methods.
Results: Bambara nut was observed to unperturbed the activities of AST and ALT as well as the concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, and bilirubin. However, the extract was observed to significantly (p<0.05) increase the activity of ALP but decreased the activities of amylase and lipase when respectively compared with those in the control group.
Conclusion: Observations from this present study showed that Bambara nut is harmless to the liver. Thus, it is not hepatotoxic.
Keywords:
- Bambara nut
- health benefit
- hepatic biomarker
- safety
How to Cite
Airaodion, A. I., Akunne, P. N., Njoku, O. C., Oladosu, N. O., & Megwas, A. U. (2021). Effect of Bambara Nut on Hepatic Biomarkers of Wistar Rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 4(1), 26-38. Retrieved from https://journalirjgh.com/index.php/IRJGH/article/view/30130
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Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO. Effect of Cyperus esculentus L. (Tiger nut) milk on hepatic and renal indices of Wistar rat. Asian Journal of Research in Nephrology. 2020;3(2):10-16.
Airaodion AI, Megwas AU, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC. Nephro- and hepato-toxicity of common household insecticides used in Nigeria. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):21-28.
Airaodion AI, Alabi OJ, Ogbuagu EO, Atiba FA, Olawoyin DS. Nephro and hepatotoxic effect of air-freshener in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Research in Nephrology. 2020;3(2):1-9.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Therapeutic effect of methanolic extract of Telfairia occidentalis leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):179-189.
Chatterjee TK. Medicinal plants with hepatoprotective properties, in Herbal Opinions, third ed. Books & Allied (P) Ltd., Calcutta. 2000;135.
Airaodion AI, Akinmolayan JD, Ogbuagu EO, Esonu CE, Ogbuagu U. Preventive and therapeutic activities of methanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):85-96.
Bamshaiye OM, Adegbola JA, Bamishaiye EI. Bambara groundnut: an under-utilized nut in Africa. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology. 2011;1(1):60-72.
Megwas AU, Njoku OC, Akunne PN, Oladosu NO, Airaodion AI. Ameliorative potential of Bambara nuts against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Health, Safety and Environment. 2021;07(2):1-12. Archive.org/megwas_et_al
Harris T, Jideani V, Le Roes-Hill M. Flavonoids and Tannins composition of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterenea) of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Heliyon. 2018;4(9):83-88.
Jideani VA, Diedricks CF. Nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic properties of Vigna subterranean. In: Antioxidant-antidiabetic agents and Human health. IntechOpen. 2014;187-207.
Koné M, Paice AG, Touré, Y. Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] usage in human health. In: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (edited by V.R. Preedy, R.R. Watson and V.B. Patel). UK: Elsevier Inc. 2011;192-194.
Megwas AU, Akunne PN, Oladosu NO, Alabi OJ, Njoku OC, Airaodion AI. Effect of Bambara nut consumption on blood glucose level and lipid profile of Wistar rats. International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology. 2021;3(5):1-12.
Airaodion AI, Adeniji AR, Ogbuagu EO, Ogbuagu U, Agunbiade AP. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic activities of methanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(5):1-13.
Airaodion AI, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu EO, Okoroukwu VN, Ogbuagu U. Carica papaya leaves might cause miscarriage. Asian Research Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2019;2(2): 1-9.
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvate transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957;28:56-58.
Babson AL, Grecley SJ, Coleman CM, Phillips GE. The use of phenolphthalein in monophosphate as a substrate for serum alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry. 1966;12:482.
Bernfield, P. Enzymes of starch degradation and synthesis. Adv Enzymol. 1951;12:379–428.
Lorentz K. Lipase. In: Thomas L, editor. Clinical laboratory diagnostics. 1st ed. Frankfurt: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft.1998;95-97.
Royden NR, Alfred P. A New Diazo Method for the Determination of Bilirubin. Clinical Chemistry. 1962;8(6):570-578.
Compernolle F. Bilirubin conjugates: isolation, structure analysis and synthesis. Bilirubin, Vol 1: Chemistry. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. 1982;2:59-74.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ewa O, Ogbuagu U, Awosanya OO, Adekale OA. Ameliorative efficacy of methanolic extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019;7(6):1-9.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ogbuagu U, Adeniji AR, Agunbiade AP, Airaodion EO. Hepatoprotective effect of Parkia biglobosa on acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;2(1):1-11.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Prophylactic propensity of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):37-46.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Therapeutic effect of methanolic extract of telfairia occidentalis leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):179-189.
Airaodion AI, Ene AC, Ogbuagu EO, Okoroukwu VN, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U. Biochemical changes associated with consumption (by rats) of “garri” processed by traditional and instant mechanical methods. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 2(4):1-11.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Okoroukwu VN, Ogbuagu U, Ekenjoku JA. Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Body Weight and Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Wistar Rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019c;2(2):1-8.
Airaodion AI, Ngwogu AC, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO. Hepatoprotective potency of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola (heckel) seed against acute ethanol induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):1-10
Akanji MA, Olagoke OA, Oloyede OB. Effect of chronic consumption of metabisulphite on the integrity of the rat kidney cellular system. Toxicology. 1993;81:173-179.
Bashir L, Shittu OK, Busari MB, Sani S, Aisha MI. Safety evaluation of giant African land snails (Archachatina maginata) haemolymph on hematological and biochemical parameters of Albino rats.J Adv Med Pharm Sci. 2015;3(3):122-130.
Shittu OK, Lawal B, Alozieuwa BU, Haruna GM, Abubakar AN, Berinyuy EB. Alteration in biochemical indices following chronic administration of methanolic extract of Nigeria bee Propolis in Wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015;5(8):654-657.
Oberley LW. Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;5:113–124.
Pinto MS, Ranilla LG, Apostolidis E, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI, Shetty K. Evaluation of antihyperglycemia and antihypertension potential of native Peruvian fruits using In vitro models. J Med Food.2009;12:278–291.
Shim YJ, Doo HK, Ahn SY, Kim YS, Seong JK, Park IS, Min BH. Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from the gall of Rhus chinensis on α-glucosidase activity and postprandial blood glucose. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;85, 283–287.
Nwadi OMM, Uchegbu N, Okonkwo TM. Effect of processing methods on the anti-nutrient reduction of Bambara groundnut: A review. Sky Journal of Food Science. 2019;7(3):037–041
Ogbuagu EO, Unekwe PC, Airaodion AI, Nweke IN, Ogbuagu U. Hepatotoxic effect of Xylopia aethiopica fruit in Wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021;4(1):1-16.
Sosnowska D, Podsędek A, Redzynia M, Zyzelewicz D. Effects of Fruit Extracts on Pancreatic Lipase Activity in Lipid Emulsions. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2015;70(3):344-550.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Nweke IN, Unekwe PC. Nephrotoxicity of ethanol extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruit in Wistar rats. International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research. 2021;4(1):1-16.
Shapiro SM. Bilirubin toxicity in the developing nervous system. Pediatr neurol. 2003;29:410-421.
Airaodion AI, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC, Megwas AU, Ekenjoku JA. Nephrotoxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in Wistar rats. International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research. 2020;3(1):1-10.
Perlstein TS, Pande RL, Creager MA, Weuve J, Beckman JA. Serum total bilirubin level, prevalent stroke, and stroke outcomes: NHANES 1999-2004. American Journal of Medicine. 2008; 121:781–788.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion EO, Okoroukwu VN. Hepato-protective efficiency of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera against hydrocarbon exposure. International Journal of advances in Herbal and Alternative Medicine. 2019;03(01):32-41.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO. Effect of Cyperus esculentus L. (Tiger nut) milk on hepatic and renal indices of Wistar rat. Asian Journal of Research in Nephrology. 2020;3(2):10-16.
Airaodion AI, Megwas AU, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC. Nephro- and hepato-toxicity of common household insecticides used in Nigeria. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):21-28.
Airaodion AI, Alabi OJ, Ogbuagu EO, Atiba FA, Olawoyin DS. Nephro and hepatotoxic effect of air-freshener in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Research in Nephrology. 2020;3(2):1-9.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Therapeutic effect of methanolic extract of Telfairia occidentalis leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):179-189.
Chatterjee TK. Medicinal plants with hepatoprotective properties, in Herbal Opinions, third ed. Books & Allied (P) Ltd., Calcutta. 2000;135.
Airaodion AI, Akinmolayan JD, Ogbuagu EO, Esonu CE, Ogbuagu U. Preventive and therapeutic activities of methanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):85-96.
Bamshaiye OM, Adegbola JA, Bamishaiye EI. Bambara groundnut: an under-utilized nut in Africa. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology. 2011;1(1):60-72.
Megwas AU, Njoku OC, Akunne PN, Oladosu NO, Airaodion AI. Ameliorative potential of Bambara nuts against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Health, Safety and Environment. 2021;07(2):1-12. Archive.org/megwas_et_al
Harris T, Jideani V, Le Roes-Hill M. Flavonoids and Tannins composition of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterenea) of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Heliyon. 2018;4(9):83-88.
Jideani VA, Diedricks CF. Nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic properties of Vigna subterranean. In: Antioxidant-antidiabetic agents and Human health. IntechOpen. 2014;187-207.
Koné M, Paice AG, Touré, Y. Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] usage in human health. In: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (edited by V.R. Preedy, R.R. Watson and V.B. Patel). UK: Elsevier Inc. 2011;192-194.
Megwas AU, Akunne PN, Oladosu NO, Alabi OJ, Njoku OC, Airaodion AI. Effect of Bambara nut consumption on blood glucose level and lipid profile of Wistar rats. International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology. 2021;3(5):1-12.
Airaodion AI, Adeniji AR, Ogbuagu EO, Ogbuagu U, Agunbiade AP. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic activities of methanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(5):1-13.
Airaodion AI, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu EO, Okoroukwu VN, Ogbuagu U. Carica papaya leaves might cause miscarriage. Asian Research Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2019;2(2): 1-9.
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvate transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957;28:56-58.
Babson AL, Grecley SJ, Coleman CM, Phillips GE. The use of phenolphthalein in monophosphate as a substrate for serum alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry. 1966;12:482.
Bernfield, P. Enzymes of starch degradation and synthesis. Adv Enzymol. 1951;12:379–428.
Lorentz K. Lipase. In: Thomas L, editor. Clinical laboratory diagnostics. 1st ed. Frankfurt: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft.1998;95-97.
Royden NR, Alfred P. A New Diazo Method for the Determination of Bilirubin. Clinical Chemistry. 1962;8(6):570-578.
Compernolle F. Bilirubin conjugates: isolation, structure analysis and synthesis. Bilirubin, Vol 1: Chemistry. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press. 1982;2:59-74.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ewa O, Ogbuagu U, Awosanya OO, Adekale OA. Ameliorative efficacy of methanolic extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019;7(6):1-9.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ogbuagu U, Adeniji AR, Agunbiade AP, Airaodion EO. Hepatoprotective effect of Parkia biglobosa on acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;2(1):1-11.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Prophylactic propensity of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):37-46.
Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu EO, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Therapeutic effect of methanolic extract of telfairia occidentalis leaves against acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2019;11(7):179-189.
Airaodion AI, Ene AC, Ogbuagu EO, Okoroukwu VN, Ekenjoku JA, Ogbuagu U. Biochemical changes associated with consumption (by rats) of “garri” processed by traditional and instant mechanical methods. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2019; 2(4):1-11.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Okoroukwu VN, Ogbuagu U, Ekenjoku JA. Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Body Weight and Alanine Aminotransferase Activity in Wistar Rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019c;2(2):1-8.
Airaodion AI, Ngwogu AC, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO. Hepatoprotective potency of ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola (heckel) seed against acute ethanol induced oxidative stress in wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):1-10
Akanji MA, Olagoke OA, Oloyede OB. Effect of chronic consumption of metabisulphite on the integrity of the rat kidney cellular system. Toxicology. 1993;81:173-179.
Bashir L, Shittu OK, Busari MB, Sani S, Aisha MI. Safety evaluation of giant African land snails (Archachatina maginata) haemolymph on hematological and biochemical parameters of Albino rats.J Adv Med Pharm Sci. 2015;3(3):122-130.
Shittu OK, Lawal B, Alozieuwa BU, Haruna GM, Abubakar AN, Berinyuy EB. Alteration in biochemical indices following chronic administration of methanolic extract of Nigeria bee Propolis in Wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015;5(8):654-657.
Oberley LW. Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;5:113–124.
Pinto MS, Ranilla LG, Apostolidis E, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI, Shetty K. Evaluation of antihyperglycemia and antihypertension potential of native Peruvian fruits using In vitro models. J Med Food.2009;12:278–291.
Shim YJ, Doo HK, Ahn SY, Kim YS, Seong JK, Park IS, Min BH. Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from the gall of Rhus chinensis on α-glucosidase activity and postprandial blood glucose. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;85, 283–287.
Nwadi OMM, Uchegbu N, Okonkwo TM. Effect of processing methods on the anti-nutrient reduction of Bambara groundnut: A review. Sky Journal of Food Science. 2019;7(3):037–041
Ogbuagu EO, Unekwe PC, Airaodion AI, Nweke IN, Ogbuagu U. Hepatotoxic effect of Xylopia aethiopica fruit in Wistar rats. International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021;4(1):1-16.
Sosnowska D, Podsędek A, Redzynia M, Zyzelewicz D. Effects of Fruit Extracts on Pancreatic Lipase Activity in Lipid Emulsions. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2015;70(3):344-550.
Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Nweke IN, Unekwe PC. Nephrotoxicity of ethanol extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruit in Wistar rats. International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research. 2021;4(1):1-16.
Shapiro SM. Bilirubin toxicity in the developing nervous system. Pediatr neurol. 2003;29:410-421.
Airaodion AI, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC, Megwas AU, Ekenjoku JA. Nephrotoxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in Wistar rats. International Journal of Advances in Nephrology Research. 2020;3(1):1-10.
Perlstein TS, Pande RL, Creager MA, Weuve J, Beckman JA. Serum total bilirubin level, prevalent stroke, and stroke outcomes: NHANES 1999-2004. American Journal of Medicine. 2008; 121:781–788.
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